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One cost-effective approach recommended for sustaining desirable species, such as the oaks, is combining (a.k.a., supplemental planting) with tree protectors. These plantings could be concentrated in parts of a stand with the greatest potential for regeneration success such as within or on the edge of natural canopy gaps. However, natural gaps may need a site preparation “cleaning” to remove undesirable vegetation and, if small, may need to be expanded to enhance planted tree recruitment. More recently, enrichment planting has also been touted as a climate adaptation practice for introducing species adapted to projected future climate. Controlling invasive plant species – Invasive plant species can outcompete juvenile native trees, but they can be controlled by a variety of methods. Although herbicides are generally regarded as the most effective, methods can be combined to reduce invasive plant abundance more sustainably. For example, either a mechanical treatment (e.g., forestry mower) or a prescribed burn followed up with a spot application of herbicide to treat low growing sprouts can be effective in controlling undesirable woody plants. For millennia, our ancestors have intentionally shaped landscapes to support their life ways and traditions. Now society must recognize and embrace deliberate human interventions to help sustain ecological systems and their healthy functioning as "natural." This includes actions to facilitate tree regeneration and recruitment in the patchy forests of our more built landscapes. For more information on forest regeneration challenges and management, check out this online article from Penn State Extension: https://tinyurl.com/3pjr2fcd. ANJEC depends on our business members to help pay for the cost of printing the ANJEC Report. Please let them know that you saw their ad here. Remember, however, that ANJEC does not necessarily endorse any of these firms. SUSTAINABLY PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER ANJEC REPORT – Autumn 2024 13