138-24 Exhibit to Resolution Adopting the Township of West Orange Vision Zero Action Plan.pdf

of the bicycle lane from motorized oppose travel lane narrowing if they traffic lanes through the use of believe it will slow traffic or increase vertical elements like posts, curbs, or congestion, studies have found that vegetation.2 Based on international roadways did not experience an experience and implementation in increase in injuries or congestion the United States, there is potential when travel lane widths were for further safety benefits associated decreased to add a bicycle lane.3 with separated bicycle lanes. FHWA Separated bicycle lane in Washington, DC. is conducting research on separated • Studies and experience in US cities Source: Alex Baca, Washington Area show that bicycle lanes increase bicycle lanes, which includes the Bicyclist Association development of crash modification ridership and may help jurisdictions factors, to be completed in 2022 to better manage roadway capacity Separated bicycle lanes may address significant interest on this topic. without increased risk. provide further safety benefits. FHWA is anticipating completion • In rural areas, rumble strips can 1 Thomas et al. Bicyclist Crash Types on National, negatively impact bicyclists’ ability to of research in

clist Crash Types on National, negatively impact bicyclists’ ability to of research in Fall 2022. State, and Local Levels: A New Look. Transportation Research Record 673(6), 664-676, (2019). ride if not properly installed. Agencies 2 Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. For more information on this FHWA-HEP-15-025, (2015). should consider the dimensions, 3 Park and Abdel-Aty. “Evaluation of safety effective- placement, and offset of rumble strips and other FHWA Proven Safety ness of multiple cross sectional features on urban when adding a bicycle lane.4 Countermeasures, please visit arterials”. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 92, pp. 245-255, (2016). https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ 4 FHWA Tech Advisory Shoulder and Edge Line Rumble • Strategies, practices, and processes provencountermeasures/ and Strips, (2011). can be used by agencies to 5 Sandt et al. Pursuing Equity in Pedestrian and Bicycle https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ Planning. FHWA, (2016). enhance their ability to address ped_bike/tools_solve/docs/ 6 Avelar et al. Development of Crash Modification equity in bicycle planning and Factors for Bicycle Lane Additions While Reducing fhwasa18077.pdf. Lane and Shoulder Widths. FHWA, (2021). design.5 FHWA-SA-21-051

OFFICE OF SAFETY Proven Safety Countermeasures Crosswalk Visibility Enhancements Poor lighting conditions, obstructions such as parked cars, and horizontal or vertical roadway curvature can reduce visibility at crosswalks, contributing to safety issues. For multilane roadway crossings where vehicle volumes are in excess of 10,000 Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT), a marked crosswalk alone is typically not sufficient. Under such conditions, more substantial crossing improvements could prevent an increase in pedestrian crash potential. Three main crosswalk visibility enhancements help make crosswalks and the pedestrians, bicyclists, wheelchair and other mobility device users, and transit users using them more visible to drivers. These include high-visibility crosswalks, Safety Benefits: lighting, and signing and pavement markings. These enhancements can also High-visibility crosswalks assist users in deciding where to cross. Agencies can implement these features can reduce pedestrian injury as standalone or combination enhancements to indicate the preferred crashes up to: location for users to cross. 40% 1 High-visibility crosswalks a marked crosswalk to indicate High-visibility crosswalks use patterns where a driver should stop or yield to Intersection lighting can (i.e., bar pairs, continental, ladder) pedestrians, depending on State law. reduce pedestrian crashes that are visible to both the driver To supplement the signing, agencies can also install a STOP or

sible to both the driver To supplement the signing, agencies can also install a STOP or YIELD bar up to: and pedestrian from farther (commonly referred to as “shark’s 42% 2 away compared to traditional transverse line crosswalks. They teeth“) pavement markings. should be considered at all In-street signing, such as “STOP Here Advance yield or stop midblock pedestrian crossings and for Pedestrians” or “YIELD Here to uncontrolled intersections. Agencies Pedestrians” may be appropriate on markings and signs can should use materials such as inlay or roads with two- or three-lane roads reduce pedestrian thermoplastic tape, instead of paint where speed limits are 30 miles per crashes up to: or brick, for highly reflective crosswalk hour or less. 25% 3 markings. Improved Lighting The goal of crosswalk lighting should be to illuminate with positive contrast to make it easier for a driver to visually identify the pedestrian. This involves carefully placing the luminaires in forward locations to avoid a silhouette effect of the pedestrian. R1-6 Enhanced Signing and Pavement Markings For more information on this On multilane roadways, agencies and other FHWA Proven Safety can use “YIELD Here to Pedestrians”

Pavement Markings For more information on this On multilane roadways, agencies and other FHWA Proven Safety can use “YIELD Here to Pedestrians” W11-2, W16-7P Countermeasures, please visit or “STOP Here for Pedestrians” signs 20 to 50 feet in advance of https://highways.dot.gov/ Source: FHWA safety/proven-safety-counter measures and https://high 1 (CMF ID: 4123) Chen, L., C. Chen, and R. Ewing. The Relative Effectiveness of Pedestrian ways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot. Safety Countermeasures at Urban Intersections - Lessons from a New York City Experience. (2012). gov/files/2022-06/techSheet_ 2 (CMF ID: 436) Elvik, R. and Vaa, T. Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Oxford, United Kingdom, Elsevier, (2004). VizEnhancemt2018.pdf. 3 (CMF ID: 9017) Zeeger et al. Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments, FHWA, (2017). FHWA-SA-21-049

OFFICE OF SAFETY Proven Safety Countermeasures Leading Pedestrian Interval A leading pedestrian interval (LPI) gives pedestrians the opportunity to enter the crosswalk at an intersection 3-7 seconds before vehicles are given a green indication. Pedestrians can better establish their presence in the crosswalk before vehicles have priority to turn right or left. LPIs provide the following benefits: FHWA’s Handbook for Designing • Increased visibility of crossing Roadways for the Aging Population pedestrians. recommends the use of the LPI at intersections with high turning vehicle • Reduced conflicts between volumes. Transportation agencies Safety Benefits: pedestrians and vehicles. should refer to the Manual on Uniform 13% • Increased likelihood of motorists Traffic Control Devices for guidance on yielding to pedestrians. LPI timing and ensure that pedestrian signals are accessible for all users. reduction in pedestrian- • Enhanced safety for pedestrians Costs for implementing LPIs are very vehicle crashes at who may be slower to start into the low when only signal timing alteration intersections.1

be slower to start into the low when only signal timing alteration intersections.1 intersection. is required. An LPI allows a pedestrian to establish a LPIs reduce potential conflicts between presence in the crosswalk before vehicles are pedestrians and turning vehicles. given a green indication. Source: FHWA Source: FHWA For more information on this and other FHWA Proven Safety Countermeasures, please visit https://highways.dot.gov/ safety/proven-safety-counter measures and https://highways. dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/ files/2022-06/fhwasa19040.pdf. 1 (CMF ID: 9918) Goughnour, E., D. Carter, C. Lyon, B. Persaud, B. Lan, P. Chun, I. Hamilton, and K. Signor. “Safety Evaluation of Protected Left-Turn Phasing and Leading Pedestrian Intervals on Pedestrian Safety.” Report No. FHWA-HRT-18-044. Federal Highway Administration. (October 2018) FHWA-SA-21-032

OFFICE OF SAFETY Proven Safety Countermeasures Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFB) A marked crosswalk or pedestrian warning sign can improve safety for pedestrians crossing the road, but at times may not be sufficient for drivers to visibly locate crossing locations and yield to pedestrians. To enhance pedestrian conspicuity and increase driver awareness at uncontrolled, marked crosswalks, transportation agencies can install a pedestrian actuated Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) to accompany a pedestrian warning sign. RRFBs consist of two, rectangular- shaped yellow indications, each with a light-emitting diode (LED)-array-based light source.1 RRFBs flash with an alternating high frequency when activated to enhance conspicuity of pedestrians at the crossing to drivers. Safety Benefits: For more information on using RRFBs, see the Interim Approval in the Manual RRFBs can reduce on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).1 crashes up to: 47% for pedestrian crashes. 4 Applications The RRFB is applicable to many Considerations Agencies should:2 types of pedestrian crossings but is • Install RRFBs in the median rather particularly effective at

types of pedestrian crossings but is • Install RRFBs in the median rather particularly effective at multilane than the far-side of the roadway RRFBs can increase motorist crossings with speed limits less yielding rates up to: if there is a pedestrian refuge or than 40 miles per hour.2 Research other type of median. 98% (varies by speed limit, number suggests RRFBs can result in motorist yielding rates as high at 98 percent at marked crosswalks, but varies • Use solar-power panels to eliminate the need for a power source. of lanes, crossing distance, depending on the location, posted • Reserve the use of RRFBs for and time of day).3 speed limit, pedestrian crossing locations with significant pedestrian distance, one- versus two-way road, safety issues, as over-use of RRFB and the number of travel lanes.3 treatments may diminish their RRFBs can also accompany school or effectiveness. trail crossing warning signs. Agencies shall not:2 RRFBs are placed on both sides of • Use RRFBs without the presence of a crosswalk below the pedestrian

• Use RRFBs without the presence of a crosswalk below the pedestrian a pedestrian, school or trail crossing crossing sign and above the warning sign. diagonal downward arrow plaque pointing at the crossing.1 The flashing • Use RRFBs for crosswalks across pattern can be activated with approaches controlled by YIELD pushbuttons or passive (e.g., video or signs, STOP signs, traffic control RRFBs used at a trail crossing. infrared) pedestrian detection, and signals, or pedestrian hybrid Source: LJB should be unlit when not activated. beacons, except for the approach or egress from a roundabout. For more information on this and other FHWA Proven Safety Countermeasures, please visit https://highways.dot.gov/ safety/proven-safety-counter 1 MUTCD Interim Approval 21 - RRFBs at Crosswalks. measures and https://high 2 “Rectangular Rapid Flash Beacon” in PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System. FHWA, (2013). ways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot. 3 Fitzpatrick et al. “Will You Stop for Me? Roadway Design and Traffic Control gov/files/2022-06/techSheet_ Device Influences on Drivers Yielding to Pedestrians in a Crosswalk with a Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacon.” Report No. TTI-CTS-0010. Texas A&M RRFB_2018.pdf. Transportation Institute, (2016). 4 (CMF ID: 9024) NCHRP Research Report 841 Development of Crash Modification Factors for